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Information security is dynamic and complex to the point that it's easy to get overwhelmed by the details and lose track of the real issues. I find it valuable to periodically relate whatever task I'm working on back to the three pillars of information security: confidentiality, integrity, and availability. (Actually, there's a fourth pillar, but Windows IT security professionals currently don't deal with it much.

See the Web-exclusive sidebar 'The Fourth Pillar of Nonrepudiation,'.windowsitpro.com/windowssecurity, InstantDoc ID 46251.) Every requirement you try to meet ultimately boils down to one of these three pillars, and every threat you try to address ultimately threatens one of them. Such sanity checks help keep my efforts on track and help me avoid missing crucial details. Each detail is important because, in security, you're only as strong as the weakest link in the chain. Let's look at how confidentiality, integrity, and availability relate to a typical Windows-centric network in a small-to-midsized business (SMB). Confidentiality In the media, you constantly hear about confidentiality in regard to the privacy of customer and patient data.

Although you shouldn't ignore such consumer privacy issues, confidentiality is much more than that. Confidentiality is about preventing someone from reading information they're not authorized to read.

In these days of zombied systems, bots, and worms, it's important to keep in mind that confidential information has to be protected from not just malicious people but also their agents, which can be malicious software, a compromised computer, or another compromised network component. Confidentiality concerns show up throughout the SMB network. The files on file servers and workstations are the primary assets that require confidentiality. Before even thinking about Windows-level security controls, think physical security. Anyone with physical access to a computer can ultimately gain access to the files stored on that computer. Securing your servers is fairly simple.

You just place them in a locked room to which a minimum number of individuals have access. But for workstations, especially laptops, physical security isn't something that can be guaranteed.

The one and only way to protect confidential data on workstations is through encryption. There are a host of encryption applications on the market, including file-level and disk-level programs. File-level programs (e.g., WinZip Computing's WinZip) require frequent user interaction, whereas disk-level programs (e.g., PC Guardian Technologies' Encryption Plus Hard Disk) typically require user interaction at boot-up only. A newer way of handling file encryption is to use USB flash drives that require either PIN or biometric authentication. Windows provides an interesting option called Encrypting File System (EFS), which is transparent to the user and fully integrated with the rest of Windows security.

With EFS, you simply enable encryption on certain folders and Windows does the rest. EFS is definitely worth looking into, but you need to understand how it works and what administrators and users must do to keep EFS encrypted information truly secure. Ensuring the confidentiality of data stored on a physically secured file server is mostly a matter of assigning appropriate folder permissions that limit Read access to authorized groups of users. However, there are ways server-based files can get into the wrong hands despite strict permissions. For example, a malicious individual connected to the network can sniff (i.e., eavesdrop) packets and reconstruct entire files as users retrieve them from the file server. If you have a wireless LAN (WLAN), the risk is even greater because the attacker need only be in range to grab the files out of thin air.

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Although installing a fully switched network (as opposed to using hubs that retransmit packets to each node on the network) and other measures make sniffing more difficult, ultimately the only solution is to encrypt the server-based files. Fortunately, Windows provides excellent IPsec support. IPsec is the Internet standard for providing confidentiality, integrity, and authentication of IP network packets. It takes only a few minutes to enable IPsec on a Windows network if you have Active Directory (AD). Without AD, you can't automatically push out IP Security Policies through Group Policy, but you can still manually configure systems. If an SMB can't use IPsec because it needs to support non-Windows or nondomain PCs yet still has a WLAN to secure, Windows offers great support for the latest Wi-Fi security protocols (802.1x and Wi-Fi Protected Access--WPA). The latest Wi-Fi security protocols can be very secure, and they're supported by consumer-level Wireless Access Points (APs).